Sifting the Soil of Greece: Student Biographies

Sifting the Soil of Greece contains three sets of short biographies:

• i. Trustees of the British School at Athens
• ii. Members of the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens
• iii. Directors and students at the British School at Athens

BSA Corporate Subscriptions (1894-1918)

The re-organisation of the BSA under Cecil Harcourt-Smith brought about an increase in the amount of money attracted from corporate bodies. This income represented around 51% of the total subscriptions for the BSA during this period. The Rules and Regulations stated:

VI. A corporate body subscribing not less than £ 50 a year, for a term of years, shall, during that term, have the right to nominate a member of the Managing Committee.

Representatives from the Hellenic Society and Oxford University on the Managing Committee were joined by a representative from Cambridge (from 1896/97). Each institution then gave £100 per annum (except for the Hellenic Society and Oxford during the First World War).

The BSA was regularly supported by a subscription of £5.5.0 from the Society of Antiquaries of London, and £25 from HRH the Prince of Wales (and after he became King).

Oxford Colleges

• Brasenose College (by 1894/95, £5)
• Christ Church (from 1895/96, £20)
• Corpus Christi College (from 1895/96, £5)
• Magdalen College (from 1895/96, £10)
  

Cambridge Colleges

• Caius College (by 1907/08, £10)
• Emmanuel College (by 1911/12, £5)
  
• King's College (from 1895/96, £10)

Other British Institutions

• Institute of Archaeology, Liverpool (1907/08, £1)
  
• Victoria University of Manchester (by 1909/10, £1.1.0 and increased £6.1.0 [1910/11]; £5 [1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1916/17, 1917/18])
• University College, Reading (by 1913/14, £1)
  

Canada

• McGill University, Montreal (from 1896/97, £5.5.0)

Information and chart revised 7 August 2008.

The British School at Athens (1886-1919): Outline

I am revising the text of my study of the British School at Athens (1886-1919). Here is the working outline:

Part 1: The School

Chapter 1: The Origins of the School

Chapter 2: The Directors of the School

Chapter 3: The BSA Managing Committee

Part 2: Students of the British School at Athens

Chapter 4: Oxford and Cambridge Students

Chapter 5: Women at the British School at Athens

Chapter 6: Other Students in Athens

Part 3: Fieldwork

Chapter 7: Cyprus

Chapter 8: Mainland Greece and the Peloponnese

Chapter 9: The Islands

Chapter 10: Anatolia

Chapter 11: North Africa and Other Projects

Part 4: After the British School at Athens

Chapter 12: Subsequent Careers

Chapter 13: Further Excavations

Chapter 14: Students at War

Appendix

Biographies of Students at the British School at Athens (1886-1919)

Obituary: Nicolas Coldstream (1927-2008)

Nicolas Coldstream, best known for his work on Early Iron Age Greece, died on March 21, 2008. He was born on March 30, 1927, at Lahore, India, and was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He was temporary assistant keeper in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum (1956-57), and then Macmillan Student at the BSA (1957-60). In 1960 he was appointed lecturer at Bedford College, University of London, promoted reader (1966), and subsequently professor of Aegean Archaeology (1975). He was elected Yates Professor of Classical Archaeology at University College London in 1983 (a position he held until his retirement in 1992).

Coldstream edited the Annual of the British School at Athens (1968-73) and was chair of the Managing Committee (1987-91).

• Daily Telegraph, April 4, 2008.
• The Times, April 9, 2008.
• The Independent, April 15, 2008 (by Gerald Cadogan)
  

The Annual Meeting of Subscribers: Chair (1886-1918)

Those chairing the Annual Meeting of Subscribers:

• 1886, October 19 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Professor Charles T. Newton (The Earl of Carnarvon absent)
  
• 1887, July 6 ('Society of Athens') [First Annual Meeting]: the Earl of Carnarvon (Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon)
  
• 1888, July 18 (Society of Antiquaries): Lord Herschell (Farrer Herschell, First Baron Herschell, Lord Chancellor)
  
• 1889, July 10 (The Society of Arts): the Earl of Carnarvon (Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon)
• 1890, July 2 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Francis C. Penrose, former director (Lord Savile [John Savile, first Baron Savile of Rufford] absent)
  
• 1891, July 3 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Justice Bowen (Charles Synge Christopher Bowen, Baron Bowen)
  
• 1892, July 7 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Bute (John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, third marquess of Bute)
  
• 1893, July 19 (Society of Antiquaries): The Archbishop of Canterbury (Edward White Benson)
  
• 1894, July 11 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Mr Bryce, MP (James Bryce, President of the Board of Trade, 1894-95)
  
• 1895, July 17 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Lingen, KCB (Ralph Robert Wheeler Lingen, Baron Lingen; former Permanent Secretary at the Treasury)
  
• 1896, July 13 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): The Rt Hon. John Morley, MP
• 1897, July 15 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Sir Edward Poynter, PRA
  
• 1898, October 20 (Society of Antiquaries): The Lord Bishop of London (Mandell Creighton).
  
• 1899, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir William R. Anson, Bart., DCL, Warden of All Souls' College, and MP for Oxford University.
• 1900, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Hon. Herbert Henry Asquith, QC, MP
• 1901, October 24 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Richard Jebb, MP
  
• 1902, October 14 (Society of Antiquaries): Dr Thomas Hodgkin
  
• 1903, October 23 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Professor Samuel Henry Butcher
  
• 1904, October 27 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Robert Finlay, KC, MP, the Attorney-General
  
• 1905, October 24 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Revd George Forrest Browne, DD, Bishop of Bristol
• 1906, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): The Earl of Halsbury (Hardinge Stanley Giffard, first earl of Halsbury)
  
• 1907, October 29 (Society of Antiquaries): Professor Percy Gardner
  
• 1908, October 27 (Society of Antiquaries): Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring, First Earl Cromer)
  
• 1909, October 19 (Society of Antiquaries): Professor Gilbert Murray
  
• 1910, October 23 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Cecil Harcourt-Smith, former Director
  
• 1911, November 7 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Revd the Dean of Westminster (Herbert Edward Ryle)
  
• 1912, October 29 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
• 1913, October 28 (Society of Antiquaries): Mr James Bryce, OM (President of the British Academy)
  
• 1914
  
• 1915, November 23 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
• 1916, November 28 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
• 1917, November 27 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
• 1918, November 26 Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee

BSA Managing Committee (1886-1918)

The original committee consisted of the following 'five members ... appointed by the general body of subscribers':

• Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937)
• John Gennadius (the Greek Minister in London)
• Professor Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841-1905)
• Sir Frederic Leighton (1830-96)
  
• Mr John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922)

There were also:

• The Trustees
• The Treasurer
• The Honorary Secretary
• 'members to be nominated by each corporate body subscribing not less than £50 per annum towards the maintenance of the School' (David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Oxford; Sidney Colvin (1845-1927), Hellenic Society)
  

Subsequently the Managing Committee consisted of the following elements:

Appointed by the University of Oxford:

• David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Provost of Oriel College. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05)
• Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937). (1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1916/17, 1917/18)

Appointed by the University of Cambridge (from 1896):

• Professor (Sir) William Ridgeway (1858-1926). (1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04).
• Professor (Sir) John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922). (1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  

Appointed by the Hellenic Society:

• (Sir) Sidney Colvin (1845-1927). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06).
• Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  

Appointed by the subscribers (former Directors):

• Francis Cranmer Penrose (1817-1903). Director: 1886/87. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02).
• Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939). Student: 1886/87; Director: 1887-1895. (1897/98, replacing Bent; 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
• (Sir) Cecil Harcourt Smith (1859-1944). Director: 1895-97. (1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
• David George Hogarth (1862-1927). Student: 1886/87; Director: 1897-1900. (1896/97, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
• Professor Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935). Student: 1892/93, 1894-97; Assistant Director: 1899/1900; Director: 1900-06. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
• Richard Macgillivray Dawkins (1871-1955). Student: 1902-05; Director: 1906-14. (1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).

Appointed by the subscribers (excluding former Directors):

• Professor (Sir) Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836-1925), MD, FRS. (1895/96)
• James Theodore Bent (1852-97). (1896/97)
• (Sir) Reginald Theodore Blomfield (1856-1942). (1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06)
• John Percival Droop (1882-1963). Student: 1905-09, 1910/11, 1912-14. (1916/17, 1917/18)
• Sir Francis Elliot, KCMG. (1917/18)
  
• (Sir) Arthur John Evans (1851-1941). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
• Theodore Fyfe (1875-1945). Student: 1899/1900. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14)
• Percy Gardner (1846-1937). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05)
• Walter Sykes George (1881-1962). Student: 1906/07, 1908-10, 1912/13. (1914/15)
• Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06)
• Francis John Haverfield (1860-1919). (1900/01, 1901/02)
• Caroline Amy Hutton (c. 1861-1931). Student: 1896/97. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12)
• Harry Herbert Jewell (1882-1974). Student: 1909/10. (1915/16)
• William Loring (1865-1915). Student: 1889-93. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1905/06, 1909/10)
• George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936). London secretary of the BSA 1886-98. (1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900)
  
• Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947). Student: 1892/93. (1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12)
  
• Professor (Sir) John Linton Myres (1869-1954). Student: 1892-95. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
• Professor Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04)
• Professor James Smith Reid (1846-1926). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10)
  
• (Sir) John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900)
• Marcus Niebuhr Tod (1878-1974). Student: 1901/02; Assistant Director: 1902-04. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
• Alan John Bayard Wace (1879-1957). Student: 1902-11; Director: 1914-23. (1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14)
• Professor (Sir) Charles Waldstein (Walston) (1856-1927). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
• Leonard Whibley (1863-1941). (1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
• Vincent Yorke. (1904/05)
• (Sir) Alfred Eckhard Zimmern (1879-1957). (1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)

Ex officio joint editor of the Annual:

• Caroline Amy Hutton (c. 1861-1931). (1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16)

Rules and Regulations (1895/96):

VI. A corporate body subscribing not less than £50 a year, for a term of years, shall, during that term, have the right to nominate a member of the Managing Committee.
XIII. The Managing Committee shall consist of the following:-
(1) The Trustees of the School.
(2) The Treasurer and Secretary of the School.
(3) Nine Members elected by the Subscribers at the annual meetings. Of these, three shall retire in each year, at first by lot, afterwards by rotation. Members retiring are eligible for re-election.
(4) The members nominated by corporate bodies under Article VI.

Amendment (by 1903/04):

(3) Twelve Members elected by the Subscribers at the annual meetings. Of these, four shall retire in each year, at first by lot, afterwards by rotation. Members retiring are eligible for re-election.

This is a working page and will be updated.

Oxford and the Managing Committee

The University of Oxford's nominee on the Managing committee was David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Provost of Oriel College (from 1882). On his death the nominee was Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937) who held the Lincoln and Merton chair in Classical Archaeology (from 1887). Gardner had served on the original Managing Committee when he held the Disney chair of archaeology in Cambridge.

Those elected by the subscribers were:

• Professor Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907) was the Camden Professor Ancient History (from 1889). Pelham's interest was in the work of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund though he supported the work of the School (and was later to be influential in the foundation of the British School at Rome).
• Professor (Sir) John Linton Myres (1869-1954) had been a student at the BSA (1892-95) alongside a fellowship at Magdalen College (1892-95). He returned to Oxford as a Student of Christ Church (1895-1907) and university lecturer in Classical Archaeology. After a time as professor in Liverpool (1907-10) Myres returned to Oxford as the Wykeham professor of Ancient History (1910-39).
• (Sir) Arthur John Evans (1851-1941) had been appointed Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in 1884. He had initiated the work at Knossos and was a key figure in the Cretan Exploration Fund.
• Francis John Haverfield (1860-1919) senior student and tutor at Christ Church. In 1907 he was elected Camden Professor of Ancient History.
  
• David George Hogarth (1862-1927) had been the first Oxford student at the BSA (1886/87). He had subsequently been Director of the BSA (1897-1900) and had worked with the Cretan Exploration Fund. In 1908 succeeded Evans as Keeepr of the Ashmolean Museum.
• Marcus Niebuhr Tod (1878-1974) was a student at the BSA (1901/02) and then Assistant Director (1902-04). He was elected a fellow of Oriel College in 1903 (though was allowed to remain in Greece) and became tutor in ancient history in 1905. In 1907 he was appointed university lecturer in Greek Epigraphy.
  

Cambridge and the Managing Committee

Cambridge was well represented on the Managing Committee. Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937) was a member of the first committee: at the time he was holding the Disney chair in Archaeology (1880-87). (He was elected to the Lincoln and Merton chair in Classical Archaeology at Oxford in 1887.) This was not a demanding position. He recalled:

Though technically a Professorship, the Disney post was in fact only a lectureship, involving no residence, but only the delivery of six lectures in the year. These lectures I could easily arrange to give in time of vacation from the [British] Museum: so the Trustees allowed me to keep my post, thinking it desirable to establish a fresh line of communication between the Universities and the Museum.

(Autobiographica, 52)

A significant Cambridge influence on the Managing Committee was Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841-1905) who was on the original Managing Committee and then a Trustee. He returned to Cambridge in 1889 as holder of the Regius chair of Greek. John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922) was also on the original committee with Jebb and subsequently the University of Cambridge nominee (replacing Ridgeway in 1904/05). Sandys was elected a Fellow of St John's College in 1867: he also served as the university's public orator (1876-1919).

James Smith Reid (1846-1926) was elected a Fellow of Christ's College in 1869 (until his marriage in 1872), and subsequently a Fellow at Gonville & Caius College (from 1878). He held the chair of Ancient History from 1899 (until 1925). His wife, Ruth, was a sister of Ernest and Percy Gardner. Reid's sister, Agnes, married Percy Gardner (who was Reid's exact contemporary at the City of London School).

Charles Waldstein (later Sir Charles Walston) (1856-1927) had moved to Cambridge as a lecturer in 1880. He was Reader in Classical Archaeology (1883-1907). (His successor was A.B. Cook [1868-1952]). Waldstein simultaneously served as Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1888-92) during which time he excavated at the Argive Heraion. He also held the Slade chair of Art in Cambridge (1895-1901, 1904-11).

Leonard Whibley (1863-1941) was elected to a fellowship at Pembroke College in 1889. In addition he was university lecturer in Ancient History (1899-1910).

William Ridgeway was appointed to the Disney chair in 1892. He was the first nominee of the University of Cambridge on the Managing Committee (from 1896). His position in Cambridge was strengthened in 1907 by his appointment to the Brereton Readership in classics. He was particularly influential on Cambridge classical archaeology with many of his students going out to Athens.

One of the longest standing members of the Managing Committee (latterly as nominee of the Hellenic Socity) was Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). She was a research fellow at Newnham College from 1898 and strongly encouraged female students to travel to Greece as part of their studies.