Honorary Treasurers of the BSA

The founding Honorary Treasurer for the BSA was Walter Leaf (1852-1927), a banker in the City of London. He resigned in 1906 to become a Trustee in place of Sir Richard Jebb who died in December 1905.

Leaf's place was taken by Vincent W. Yorke (1869-1957), a former student of the BSA (1892/93, 1893/94), a director of National Provident Institution, and subsequently chairman of the Mexican Railway Ltd. Yorke served as treasurer until 1955.

Both Leaf and Yorke were directors of the London & Westminster Bank (elected 1891 and 1903, respectively).

Trustees of the BSA

The three founding Trustees of the BSA were:

• (Sir) James Tynte Agg-Gardner, MP (1846-1928): Harrow; Trinity College, Cambridge. Chairman of the Cheltenham Original Brewery Company Ltd. Returned as Conservative MP for Cheltenham in 1885.
  
• Pandeli Ralli (1845-1928). A founding member of the member of the Hellenic Society. Returned as Liberal MP for Bridport (1875-80); and for Wallingford (1880-85). Resigned as Trustee in 1900.
  
• Charles Waring (c. 1827-1887). Contractor for the railways (Waring Brothers); projects included St Pancras railway station in London. Liberal MP for Poole.
  

Waring and Agg-Gardner were replaced by:

• (Sir) Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841-1905). Trinity College, Cambridge. Professor Greek, Glasgow (1875-89). Regius Professor of Greek, Cambridge (1889-). Conservative MP for Cambridge. Knighted 1900.
• Dr Edwin Freshfield (1832-1918). Winchester; Trinity College, Cambridge. Solicitor (whose clients included the Gladstones; 'solicitors to the Bank of England'); senior partner (1903-18). His father-in-law, J.F. Hanson, was the Levant Company's representative in Smyrna.

Ralli was replaced in 1900 by:

• George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936). Eton. Publisher. London secretary of the BSA 1886-98.

Jebb's place was filled in 1906 by:

• Dr Walter Leaf (1852-1927). Harrow; Trinity College, Cambridge. London banker. Honorary Treasurer of the BSA 1886-1906.
  

Publishing the results of BSA projects

Articles on BSA projects were initially published in The Journal of Hellenic Studies and then in The Annual of the British School at Athens (from vol. 1 for the session 1894/95). Reports on major projects (Megalopolis, Phylakopi and Sparta) then appeared as Supplementary Papers for the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies:

• Gardner, E. A., W. Loring, G. C. Richards, W. J. Woodhouse, and R. W. Schultz. 1892. Excavations at Megalopolis, 1890-1891. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Supplementary Paper, vol. 1. London: Macmillan.
• Atkinson, T. D., R. C. Bosanquet, C. C. Edgar, A. J. Evans, D. G. Hogarth, D. Mackenzie, C. Harcourt-Smith, and F. B. Welch. 1904. Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Supplementary Paper, vol. 4. London: Macmillan.
  
• Dawkins, R. M. 1929. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Supplementary Paper, vol. 5. London: Macmillan. [digital]
  

These Supplementary Papers also published the results of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund:

• Headlam, A. C. 1892. Ecclesiastical sites in Isauria (Cilicia Trachea). Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Supplementary Paper, vol. 2. London: Macmillan.

The third Supplementary Paper was relevant to the work in Athens:

• Middleton, J. H. (ed. E.A. Gardner) 1900. Plans and drawings of Athenian buildings. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Supplementary Paper, vol. 3. London: Macmillan.

Results from excavations at Palaikastro were published after the First World War as a supplement to the Annual:

• Bosanquet, R. C., and R. M. Dawkins. 1923. The unpublished objects from Palaikastro excavations, 1902-1906. British School at Athens supplementary papers, vol. 1. London: British School at Athens.

Staff at the British Legation (1881-1918)

The British Ministers in Athens were a welcome support for the School:

• Sir (Francis) Clare Ford (March 1881-December 1884)
  
• Sir Horace Rumbold (1884-88)
  
• Sir Edmund (John) Monson (1888-92)
  
• Sir Edwin (Henry) Egerton (1841-1916) (1892-1903). Son of the Rev. Thomas Egerton of Shropshire; nephew of the First Lord Egerton of Tatton; entered diplomatic service 1859; secretary to the British Legation in Buenos Aires 1879; secretary at Athens 1881; agent and consul-general in Egypt 1884-86; briefly secretary at Constantinople, and from 1886 first secretary in Paris. Companion of the Bath 1886; KCB 1897; GCMG 1902. Appointment to Athens announced January 20, 1892; 'kissed hands' with the Queen, March 12, 1892. Subsequently British Ambassador in Madrid: announced November 3, 1903; departed December 29, 1903. 'Sir Edwin took the warmest interest in the progress of antiquarian research in Greece, and especially in the work of the British School of Archaeology, to which he rendered important services' (The Times, December 30, 1903).
  
• Sir Francis Elliot (1904-17). GCMG 1917. Left Athens: June 17, 1917.
  
• Lord Granville (1917-)
  

George Macmillan noted the 'friendly relations' with the staff of the British Legation.

Scotland and the BSA

Apart from Oxford and Cambridge, one of the main groups admitted to the BSA in the period up to 1914 consisted of students from Scotland. A key influence was (Sir) William Ramsay (1851-1939), a graduate of the university of Aberdeen, who continued his studies at St John’s College, Oxford. Ramsay had travelled widely in Asia Minor and was elected a research fellow at Exeter College in 1882. He was subsequently appointed to the Lincoln and Merton Chair of Classical Archaeology at Oxford in 1885, before moving back to Aberdeen in 1886 where he was Regius professor of humanity.

At least three of Ramsay’s students completed their studies at Aberdeen and then continued their studies in England.

• John G.C. Anderson, son of the Revd Alexander Anderson, from Morayshire. On completing his studies in Aberdeen Anderson went to Christ Church as an exhibitioner (1891-96) aged 20, and then out to the BSA as Craven University Fellow. He was involved with the publication of epigraphic material from the School’s excavation at Kynosarges, and then travelled in Anatolia making a special study of Phrygia. One of Anderson’s achievements was the plotting of a map of Asia Minor.
• William Moir Calder, the son of a farmer. He went to Robert Gordon College, Aberdeen (1894-99), then Aberdeen University, where he obtained a 1st class in Classics (1903). Like Anderson he was admitted to Christ Church as an Exhibitioner (1903), aged 22. On completing his studies in 1907, he was admitted first to the British School at Rome under Thomas Ashby. Like Anderson he had an expertise in epigraphy.
• Margaret Masson Hardie, the daughter of a farmer from Chapelton, Drumblade near Elgin. She had been educated at Elgin Academy before moving to Aberdeen University where she obtained a 1st class in classics. She then continued her studies at Newnham College, obtaining a first in classics. She was admitted to the BSA in 1911/12 and assisted with Ramsay's epigraphic survey of the sanctuary of Men Askaenos at the Roman colony of Pisidian Antioch.

This pattern of continuing studies in England is found for students from Glasgow and Dundee. Two of the BSA students had previously studied at Glasgow.

• James George Frazer had studied at Larchfield Academy, Helensburgh, and then at the University of Glasgow (1869-74). Among the influences there was George Gilbert Ramsay, professor of humanity (1863-1906), who had been educated at Trinity College, Oxford. At the age of 20 Frazer went to Trinity College, Cambridge (1874-78) where he obtained a 1st class in the Classical Tripos (1878). Frazer was admitted to the BSA as a mature student to work on Pausanias.
• One of G.G. Ramsay’s other pupils was Campbell Cowan Edgar, from Tongland, Kirkubrightshire. He was educated at Ayr Academy, then Glasgow University (1887-91). For part of this time Edgar studied under (Sir) Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1875-89) and Gilbert Murray (1889-99), consecutive holders of the chair of Greek at Glasgow. After Glasgow, Edgar became Bible Clerk at Oriel College (1891), at the age of 20, continuing his study of classics (1891-95). The award of a Craven Fellowship allowed him to study in Athens where he gained archaeological experience at Kynosarges and on Melos. His contemporary at Oxford and in Athens was Anderson. Edgar worked with David Hogarth at Naukratis and shortly afterwards joined the catalogue commission in Cairo.

Other students from Scotland included:

• Hilda Lorimer, the daughter of Revd Robert Lorimer, was educated at Dundee High School at the University College, Dundee (1889-93) where she obtained a 1st class in classics. At the age of 20 she obtained a scholarship to continue her studies at Girton College, Cambridge, obtaining a first class in 1896. She was admitted to the School as Pfeiffer Travelling Student (1901-02) and was able to work with W. Dörpfeld of the German School.
• Duncan Mackenzie, who had studied in Edinburgh (1882-90), chose to study on continental Europe. He completed a doctorial thesis on Lycian sculpture from the University of Vienna (1895). His experience of continental archaeological training soon put him to good use in the BSA excavations on Melos, and then with Evans at Knossos.

Few students from Scotland were admitted directly from Scotland. During the session 1894/95 two theology students from Aberdeen went sent out:

• John Garrow Duncan, from Aberdeen, by the Church of Scotland.
• A.F. Findlay, by the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Both worked specifically at modern Greek. Duncan became interest in Egyptian antiquities and worked with Petrie in Egypt and Palestine. Findlay worked specifically on the account of Paul at Athens in the Acts of the Apostles.

In 1895 there was a concerted move to improve the financial situation of the BSA. The appeal to the treasury was supported by academics from several universities in Scotland: St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. This seems to have encouraged the admission of a number of students direct from Scotland.

• Archibald Paterson, an Edinburgh graduate, who went to Athens 1895/96, to work on Christian antiquities.
• W.W. Reid was a student of Ramsay in Aberdeen. Reid was admitted to the BSA on a Blackie Travelling Studentship (1896-97). He travelled through Asia Minor and Cyprus. He was later ordained a minister in the Church of Scotland.
• William Alexander Curtis, who had studied theology at Edinburgh, went to Athens at the age of 21 (1897-98), and was later to become a colleague of Ramsay at Aberdeen as professor of systematic theology (1903-15) before returning to Edinburgh.
• Mary Hamilton, a graduate of the University of St Andrews, was admitted to the BSA as a holder of a Research Fellowship under the Carnegie Trust (1905-06, 1906-07). She worked at the interface of theology and the classical world, in particular the custom of incubation.
• John Arnott Hamilton, an ordained minister and Edinburgh graduate, was admitted to the BSA at a mature student (1913-14). He had a long-standing interest in church architecture, and went out to Athens as a holder of the Blackie Scholarship to study Byzantine architecture completing a work on the church at Kaisariani.

Two former students of architecture at the Glasgow School of Art were admitted:

• David Theodore Fyfe (1899/1900), who became architect to the excavations at Knossos.
  
• Frank G. Orr (1905/06).

Excavation Equipment: Melos, 1896

Robert Carr Bosanquet described landing on Melos with the project equipment in April 1896:

Then came a mule-ride—that is to say our luggage rode and we walked—of three quarters of an hour up to Trypiti. As the luggage included a bath, 2 cameras, 2 large portmanteaux, 1 Gladstone, 1 hold-all, 1 big roll, 1 bag and 117 small paper parcels, it was rather hard to arrange them all on 2 mules. The one that carried the bath looked like a new kind of tortoise.

Excavations: Ernest A. Gardner (1887-95)

Archaeological fieldwork was initiated during the directorship of Ernest Gardner who had gained experience in Egypt with Flinders Petrie at Naukratis. The first major project (from 1887) was on the island of Cyprus, supported by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (Cyprus Exploration Fund).

The first excavation on mainland Greece was at Megalopolis. This proved to be controversial over the interpretation of the theatre.

Smaller projects were then attempted, first at Aegosthena in 1893, directed by E.F. Benson. The following year A.G. Bather and V.W. Yorke explored two sites, Abae and Hyampolis, in Phocis.

The financial position did not allow further field projects in the session 1894/95. However, a preliminary excavation at Alexandria was made in April 1895 by David G. Hogarth with assistance from two BSA students, E.F. Benson and Edwyn Robert Bevan.

A regional survey of Aetolia was conducted in 1892 and 1893 by W.J. Woodhouse (who had gained experience at Megalopolis).

Such work was in marked contrast to the other Schools in Greece: for example, the French at Delphi and on Delos, the Americans at the Argive Heraion, and the Germans in Athens itself.

Archaeology in Greece (1886-1921)

A report on archaeological work was initiated by Penrose in the first year of the School. This was continued initially by Jane Harrison, and then by Ernest Gardner as director. It was sometimes authored or co-authored by the assistant director or librarian (Richards, Bosanquet, Tod, Hasluck, Droop). When the Annual was started the report appeared in both the Journal of Hellenic Studies and the Annual (1894/95, 1895/96). Wace contributed a single report on work in Asia Minor (1903).

Penrose, F. C. 1887. "Excavations in Greece, 1886-1887." Journal of Hellenic Studies 8: 269-77.
Harrison, J. E. 1888. "Archaeology in Greece, 1887-1888." Journal of Hellenic Studies 9: 118-33.
Gardner, E. A. 1889. "Archaeology in Greece, 1888-89." Journal of Hellenic Studies 10: 254-80, pl. viii.
—. 1890. "Archaeology in Greece, 1889-90." Journal of Hellenic Studies 11: 210-17.
—. 1891. "Archaeology in Greece, 1890-91." Journal of Hellenic Studies 12: 385-97.
—. 1892/3. "Archaeology in Greece, 1892." Journal of Hellenic Studies 13: 139-52.
—. 1894. "Archaeology in Greece, 1893-94." Journal of Hellenic Studies 14: 224-32.
—. 1894/5. "Archaeology in Greece, 1894-5." Annual of the British School at Athens 1: 55-66.
—. 1895. "Archaeology in Greece, 1894-5." Journal of Hellenic Studies 15: 202-10.
Smith, C. 1895/6. "Archaeology in Greece, 1895-6." Annual of the British School at Athens 2: 47-62.
—. 1896. "Archaeology in Greece, 1895-6." Journal of Hellenic Studies 16: 335-56.
Richards, G. C. 1898. "Archaeology in Greece, 1897-1898." Journal of Hellenic Studies 18: 328-39.
Hogarth, D. G., and R. C. Bosanquet. 1899. "Archaeology in Greece, 1898-9." Journal of Hellenic Studies 19: 319-29.
Bosanquet, R. C. 1900. "Archaeology in Greece, 1899-1900." Journal of Hellenic Studies 20: 167-81.
—. 1901. "Archaeology in Greece, 1900-1901." Journal of Hellenic Studies 21: 334-52.
Bosanquet, R. C., and M. N. Tod. 1902. "Archaeology in Greece, 1901-1902." Journal of Hellenic Studies 22: 378-94.
Wace, A. J. B. 1903. "Recent excavations in Asia Minor." Journal of Hellenic Studies 23: 335-55.
Dawkins, R. M. 1907. "Archaeology in Greece (1906-1907)." Journal of Hellenic Studies 27: 284-99.
—. 1908a. "Archaeology in Greece, 1907-1908." Journal of Hellenic Studies 28: 319-36.
—. 1908b. "Archaeology in Greece: a correction." Journal of Hellenic Studies 28: 153.
—. 1909. "Archaeology in Greece, 1908-1909." Journal of Hellenic Studies 29: 354-65.
—. 1910. "Archaeology in Greece, 1909-1910." Journal of Hellenic Studies 30: 357-64.
—. 1911. "Archaeology in Greece (1910-1911)." Journal of Hellenic Studies 31: 296-307.
Hasluck, F. W. 1912. "Archaeology in Greece 1911-1912." Journal of Hellenic Studies 32: 385-90.
Droop, J. P. 1913. "Archaeology in Greece, 1912-1913." Journal of Hellenic Studies 33: 361-68.
Wace, A. J. B. 1921. "Archaeology in Greece, 1919-1921." Journal of Hellenic Studies 41: 260-76.

Megalopolis

The excavations started in 1890/91 and continued for three seasons. The work prompted a major debate about the nature of the Greek theatre.

The excavation team consisted of:

• Ernest A. Gardner (director)
• William Loring
• J.G. Milne
• A.G. Bather
• G.C. Richards
• E.F. Benson
  

The project architect was Robert Weir Schultz.

Select bibliography
Benson, E. F. 1892. "The Thersilion at Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 13: 319-27.
Dörpfeld, W., E. A. Gardner, and W. Loring. 1891. "The theatre at Megalopolis." Classical Review 5: 284-85.
Gardner, E. A. 1894. "Notes on Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 14: 242-43.
Gardner, E. A., W. Loring, G. C. Richards, and W. J. Woodhouse. 1890. "The theatre at Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 11: 294-98.
Gardner, E. A., W. Loring, G. C. Richards, W. J. Woodhouse, and R. W. Schultz. 1892. Excavations at Megalopolis, 1890-1891. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Supplementary papers; no. 1. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
Loring, W. 1890. "A new portion of the edict of Diocletian from Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 11: 299-342.
—. 1892. "The theatre at Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 13: 356-58.

Epigraphy and Cambridge students

Ernest Stewart Roberts (1847-1912) was one of the significant influences on Cambridge students for the study of epigraphy. He was college lecturer in classics at Gonville & Caius (and later Master). One of his students was Ernest Gardner (1862-1939), the first student at and second director of the BSA. They later collaborated on Roberts' two volume Introduction to Greek Epigraphy (1887-1905).

Gardner had published the Greek inscriptions from Petrie's excavations at Naukratis as well as studies of Cockerell's notes on Greek inscriptions. Henry J.W. Tillyard (1881-1968) was also a student at Caius. He was admitted to the BSA as assistant librarian (1904/05) and took part in the work in Laconia publishing the inscriptions from Geraki and Sparta (1906, 1907).

Few other Cambridge students published inscriptions. William Loring (1865-1915) published a fragment from the Edict of Diocletian from Megalopolis, and some new inscriptions from the site of ancient Tegea. Vincent Yorke (1869-1957) took part in the surveys of eastern Anatolia and published some of the finds. Caroline Amy Hutton (c. 1861-1931) published some funerary texts from Suvla Bay, and the Greek inscriptions from Petworth House.

Alan Wace (and Maurice Thompson) published a Latin inscription of the reign of Trajan that they had noted in Macedonia. However they seemed to have passed their notes on inscriptions to Oxford-trained Marcus N. Tod and Arthur M. Woodward.

Select bibliography
Gardner, E. A. 1885a. "Inscriptions copied by Cockerell in Greece, I." Journal of Hellenic Studies 6: 143-52.
—. 1885b. "Inscriptions copied by Cockerell in Greece, II." Journal of Hellenic Studies 6: 340-63.
—. 1885c. "Inscriptions from Cos, &c." Journal of Hellenic Studies 6: 248-60.
—. 1886. "An inscription from Chalcedon." Journal of Hellenic Studies 7: 154-56.
—. 1887. "An inscription from Boeae." Journal of Hellenic Studies 8: 214-15.
—. 1893. "The Archermus inscription." Classical Review 7: 140-41.
Hutton, C. A. 1914/16a. "The Greek inscriptions at Petworth House." Annual of the British School at Athens 21: 155-65.
—. 1914/16b. "Two sepulchral inscriptions from Suvla Bay." Annual of the British School at Athens 21: 166-68.
Loring, W. 1890. "A new portion of the edict of Diocletian from Megalopolis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 11: 299-342.
—. 1895. "Four fragmentary inscriptions." Journal of Hellenic Studies 15: 90-92.
Tillyard, H. J. W. 1904/05a. "Boundary and mortgage stones from Attica." Annual of the British School at Athens 11: 63-71.
—. 1904/05b. "Laconia II. Geraki. 3. Inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 11: 105-12.
—. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 9. Inscriptions from the Artemisium." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 351-93.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 14. Inscriptions from the altar, the acropolis, and other sites." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 441-79.
Tod, M. N. 1922. "Greek inscriptions from Macedonia." Journal of Hellenic Studies 42: 167-83.
Tod, M. N., H. J. W. Tillyard, and A. M. Woodward. 1906/07. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 10. The inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 174-218.
Wace, A. J. B., and M. S. Thompson. 1910/11. "A Latin inscription from Perrhaebia." Annual of the British School at Athens 17: 193-204.
Wace, A. J. B., and A. M. Woodward. 1911/12. "Inscriptions from Upper Macedonia." Annual of the British School at Athens 18: 166-88.
Woodward, A. M. 1913. "Inscriptions from Thessaly and Macedonia." Journal of Hellenic Studies 33: 313-46.
Yorke, V. W. 1898. "Inscriptions from eastern Asia Minor." Journal of Hellenic Studies 18: 306-27.

The Cambridge Prendergast Studentships

The Cambridge Prendergast Studentships are awarded

for study or research in the language, literature, history, philosophy, archaeology, or art of ancient Greece, according to a course proposed by the Student and approved by the Electors. The Electors may waive the normal requirement that some considerable portion of the year shall be spent away from Cambridge.

The studentship was established in January 1889 by Mrs Elizabeth Sophia Prendergast and named after Colonel William Grant Prendergast (1815-58) formerly of Trinity College. The first holder was Charles Alexander MacLean Pond (1864-93) of St John's College for the period 1890/92. He held this alongside the chair of Classics and English at Auckland, New Zealand (1890-3).

The electors invited

applications from any member of the University who has passed some final examination for the degree of B.A. in any year provided not more than four years have elapsed since December 19 next following the said final examination. The student is to devote himself to study or research in the Greek language, literature, history, philosophy, archaeology or art, according to a course proposed by himself and approved by the electors. The student will receive £200 for one year. He will be required to conduct his research away from Cambridge for a considerable portion of the year. The studentship is not tenable with the Craven studentship.

(1902)

The BSA students holding the studentship include (in date order):

• Arthur George Bather, King's College: 1892/93.
• Edward Frederic Benson, King's College: 1894/95.
• Frederick Arthur Charles Morrison, Jesus College: 1896/97.
• Charles Douglas Edmonds, Emmanuel College: 1898/99.
• John Hubert Marshall, King's College: 1900/01.
• Alan John Bayard Wace, Pembroke College: 1902/03 and 1904/05.
• John Percival Droop, Trinity College: 1907/08.
• Arnold Wycombe Gomme, Trinity College: 1908/09.
• Cecil Allison Scutt, Clare College: 1912/13.

Not all holders of the Prendergast Greek Studentship went to Greece.

Sparta 1910: the excavation team

The 1910 team consisted of:

• Richard Dawkins (director)
• Wilfrid J. Farrell
• Henry A. Ormerod

Publications:
Dawkins, R. M. 1909/10a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 1. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 1-3.
—. 1909/10b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 2. The Mycenaean city near the Menelaion." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 4-11.
—. 1909/10c. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 3. The Eleusinion at Kalyvia tes Sochás." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 12-14.
—. 1909/10d. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 4. Artemis Orthia: the excavation of 1910." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 15-17.
—. 1909/10e. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 5. Artemis Orthia: the history of the sanctuary." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 18-53.
Woodward, A. M. 1909/10. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1910. § 6. The inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 16: 54-61.

Sparta 1909: the excavation team

The 1909 team consisted of:

• Richard Dawkins (director)
• Alan Wace
• John P. Droop
• A.M. Woodward
• Maurice S. Thompson
• Walter George (draughtsman and surveyor)

Publications:
Dawkins, R. M. 1908/9. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 1. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 1-4.
—. 1908/09. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 2. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 5-22.
Droop, J. P. 1908/09. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 3. The pottery." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 23-39.
Giles, P. 1908/09. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 5. Lycurgus as Patronomus. A Scottish parallel." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 107.
Wace, A. J. B., M. S. Thompson, and J. P. Droop. 1908/09. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 6. The Menelaion." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 108-57.
Woodward, A. M. 1908/09. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1909. § 4. The inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 15: 40-106.

Sparta 1908: the excavation team

The 1908 team consisted of:

• Richard Dawkins (director)
• Alan Wace
• Guy Dickins
• John P. Droop
• A.M. Woodward
• 'other students'

Publications:
Dawkins, R. M. 1907/08a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 1. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 1-3.
—. 1907/08b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 2. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 4-29.
Dickins, G. 1907/08. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 6. The hieron of Athena Chalkioikos." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 142-46.
Droop, J. P. 1907/08. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 3. The pottery." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 30-47.
Farrell, J. 1907/08. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 4. The archaic terracottas from the sanctuary of Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 48-73.
Wace, A. J. B. 1907/08a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 7. A third-century marble head." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 147-48.
—. 1907/08b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 8. A hoard of Hellenistic coins." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 149-58.
Woodward, A. M. 1907/08. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908. § 5. The inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 14: 74-141.

Sparta 1907: the excavation team

The 1907 team consisted of:

• Richard Dawkins (director)
• Alan Wace
• Guy Dickins
• John P. Droop

Occasional help was provided by:

• H.J.W. Tillyard
• T.E. Peet
• A.M. Woodward
• W.S. George

Publications:
Dawkins, R. M. 1906/07a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 1. The season's work and summary of results." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 1-4.
—. 1906/07b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 4. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 44-108.
Dickins, G. 1906/07a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 7. The Hieron of Athena Chalkioikos." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 137-54.
—. 1906/07b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 9. The sanctuary on the Megalopolis road." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 169-73.
Droop, J. P. 1906/07a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 5. The early bronzes." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 109-17.
—. 1906/07b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 6. The early pottery." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 118-36.
Tod, M. N., H. J. W. Tillyard, and A. M. Woodward. 1906/07. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 10. The inscriptions." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 174-218.
Wace, A. J. B. 1906/07a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 2. The city walls." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 5-16.
—. 1906/07b. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 3. The stamped tiles." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 17-43.
Wace, A. J. B., and G. Dickins. 1906/07a. "Laconia I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 8. The Hellenistic tombs." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 155-68.
—. 1906/07b. "Laconia. I. Excavations at Sparta, 1907. § 8. The tombs." Annual of the British School at Athens 13: 155-68.

Sparta 1906: the excavation team

The 1906 team consisted of:

• Robert Carr Bosanquet (Director)
• Guy Dickins
• H.J.W. Tillyard
• Mr Sejk (surveyor)
• Ramsay Traquair (architect)

Later the team was joined by

• Alan Wace
• Richard Dawkins (who took charge of the work at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia)

Publications:
Bosanquet, R. C. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 1. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 277-83.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 5. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 303-17.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 7. The cult of Orthia as illustrated by the finds." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 331-43.
Dawkins, R. M. 1905/06. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 6. Remains of the Archaic Greek period." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 318-30.
Dickins, G. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 4. The great altar near the Eurotas." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 295-302.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 10. The theatre and adjoining area." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 394-406.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 13. Topographical conclusions." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 431-39.
Tillyard, H. J. W. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 9. Inscriptions from the Artemisium." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 351-93.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 14. Inscriptions from the altar, the acropolis, and other sites." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 441-79.
Traquair, R. 1905/06. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 12. The Roman stoa and the later fortifications." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 415-30.
Wace, A. J. B. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 2. The city wall." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 284-88.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 3. The heroön." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 288-94.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 8. The stamped tiles." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 344-50.
—. 1905/06d. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 11. The Roman baths (Arapissa)." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 407-14.

Cambridge students and the influence of Sir William Ridgeway

(Sir) William Ridgeway was appointed Disney Professor at Cambridge in 1892 (in succession to Percy Gardner). He was to be a major influence on Cambridge students especially in the field of prehistory.

Among the students who are likely to have been influenced by him up to the First World War are, in order of study:

• Robert Carr Bosanquet: Trinity College, Part 2 1894.
• Frank Russell Earp: King's College, Part 2 1894.
• Frederick Arthur Charles Morrison: Jesus College, Part 2 1896.
• John Cuthbert Lawson: Pembroke College, Part 2 1897.
• Charles Douglas Edmonds: Emmanuel College, Part 2 1898.
• Clement Gutch: King's College, Part 2 1898.
• Solomon Charles Kaines Smith: Magdalene College, Part 2 1898.
• John Hubert Marshall: King's College, Part 2 1900.
• Frederick William Hasluck: King's College, Part 2 1901.
• Richard McGillivray Dawkins: Emmanuel College, Part 2 1902.
• John Laurence Stokes: Pembroke College, BA 1902.
• Alan John Bayard Wace: Pembroke College, Part 2 1902.
• John Percival Droop: Trinity College, Part 2 1904.
• Henry Julius Wetenhall Tillyard: Gonville & Caius College, Part 2 1904.
• Wilfred Jerome Farrell: Jesus College, Part 2 1905.
• Arnold Wycombe Gomme: Trinity College, Part 2 1908.
• Lawrence Berkley Tillard: St John's College, BA 1909.
• Eustace Mandeville Wetenhall Tillyard: Jesus College, Part 2 1911.
• Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner: Jesus College, Part 2 1912.
• Cecil Allison Scutt: Clare College, Part 2 1912.

Among them are three directors (Bosanquet, Dawkins, Wace).

BSA Students and the Levant

Former students of the BSA later influenced archaeological work in Egypt, the Levant, India and Britain.

One of the earliest to work in the Levant was John Garrow Duncan, an ordained minister of the Church of Scotland, who went to Athens in 1894/95. From there his interests turned to Egypt where he assisted Flinders Petrie. Duncan's focus lay in the link between Egypt and the Old Tesament.

One of the most experienced BSA excavators, Duncan Mackenzie (1861-1934), was to join the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) as 'Explorer' in December 1909. One of his first projects was at Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh). However shortage of funds led to the dismissal of Mackenzie and the cessation of the work at Ain Shems.

British work continued in the Levant with David Hogarth’s work at Carchemish which started in 1911. One of the team, T.E. Lawrence, was later recruited on the eve of the First World War, to take part in the survey of the Sinai peninsula (‘the Wilderness of Zin'), a project initiated by Hogarth through the PEF.

Other former BSA students continued to make their mark in the Levant. John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959), who had excavated on Melos and then worked in Egypt, was elected Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem (1927-35). During Crowfoot's directorship Duncan excavated at the Ophel Quarter in Jerusalem on behalf of the PEF. Agnes Conway (1885-1950) (see her father, William Martin Conway), who had been admitted to the BSA on the eve of the First World War, later married George Wilberforce Horsfield, Director of Antiquities in Trans-Jordan (1924-36), and they participated in fieldwork together.

Excavations: Kynosarges

One of the earliest excavations of the BSA in mainland Greece was at Kynosarges (1895/6, 1896/97). The work was directed by Cecil Harcourt-Smith and seen as a training exercise for the major project at Phylakopi. The intention was to locate and excavate the remains of the ancient gymnasium, though the team also uncovered remains of a later Roman bath-house. There was much promised for the work, though no satisfactory report was published.

The Times (March 26, 1896) reported:

The British School are to be congratulated on having secured a piece of work which promises to be of such importance for the study of ancient Athenian topography; and if it should prove at length to be the site of Kynosarges, it will be a source of special satisfaction to Englishmen that the site, which was eagerly sought by two English excavators at the beginning of this century, and for whose discovery Lord Byron once planned excavations, should have been brought to light by the British School at Athens.

References
Anderson, J. G. C. 1896/7. "An epigraphic miscellany." Annual of the British School at Athens 3: 106-20.
Droop, J. P. 1905/06. "Dipylon vases from the Kynosarges site." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 80-92.
Edgar, C. C. 1897. "Two stelae from Kynosarges." Journal of Hellenic Studies 17: 174-75.
Rodeck, P. 1896/7. "The Ionic capital of the gymnasium of Kynosarges." Annual of the British School at Athens 3: 89-105.
Smith, C. 1902. "A Proto-Attic Vase." Journal of Hellenic Studies 22: 29-45.

BSA Deaths in the First World War: the Western Front

All but two of the deaths of former BSA students during the First World War were on the western front. Following the death of Guy Dickins on the Somme a letter ('Waste of Material') was sent to The Times (July 26, 1916) noting the deaths of three Oxford Fellows.

All three lives were lost leading infantry attacks in France. They would be less grudged if it was absolutely necessary to use the best brains of the country for this purpose: but is it really impossible to find no more suitable military work for them to do?

The fact that so many former students of the BSA were used in military intelligence (e.g. Harry Pirie-Gordon) perhaps indicates that such expertise was recongised.

Cambridge, Part 1, and the BSA

Most Cambridge students (in the period 1886-1914) were admitted to the BSA after Part 2 of the Classical Tripos. Only three students were admitted immediately after Part 1.

• Arthur George Bather (1868-1928), King's College; Part 1, 1st, 1889; BSA, 1889/90; Part 2, 1st, 1891.
• Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935), Trinity College; Part 1, 1st, 1892; BSA, 1892/93; Part 2, 1st, 1894.
• (Sir) John Hubert Marshall (1876-1958), King's College; Part 1, 1st, 1898; BSA, 1898/99; Part 2, 1st, 1900.

Bosanquet was a future director of the BSA (1900-06), and Marshall became director-general of archaeology in India (1902-28). Bather was an assistant master at Winchester (1894-1928).

City of London School and BSA

Four BSA students had been educated at the City of London School. Gardner was the first student admitted to the BSA and its second director (after Penrose).

• Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939), Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge; BSA 1886/87; director 1887-95.
• Charles Henry Hawes (1867-1943), Trinity College, Cambridge; BSA 1904/05.
• Frederick Arthur Charles Morrison (1872-1899), Jesus College, Cambridge; BSA 1896/97.
• John Knight Fotheringham (1874-1936), Merton College, Oxford; BSA 1898/99.

Alfred John Spilsbury (1874-1940), who had been educated at Christ's Hospital and was admitted to the BSA in 1897/98, was later the senior classical master at the City of London School.

Percy Gardner (1846-1937), Ernest's brother and later the Lincoln and Merton professor of classical archaeology at Oxford (where he influenced numerous future students of the BSA), had attended the school under George Ferris Whidborne Mortimer (1805–1871), headmaster 1840-65. Percy Gardner recalled his time at the City of London School (Autobiographica, Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1933):

In those days the School ... was in Milk Street, within a stone-throw of Cheapside, and we boys had to pass through the heart of London daily, and, since there was no play-ground, spent the half-hour allowed for lunch in roaming about the precincts of the Guildhall. ... there was on every side a stirring and an energy which acted upon the minds of boys at an impressionable age, perhaps rather below them above consciousness.

Edwin Abbott Abbott (1838-1926) was the successor to Mortimer as headmaster from 1865 to 1889.

Eton and the BSA

Eton had the second largest grouping of students at the BSA after Winchester. The number included one director (Bosanquet, who had also served as assistant director to David Hogarth), and one assistant director (Piddington, assistant to Cecil Harcourt Smith).

Of this group, six had continued their studies at Cambridge:

• Montague Rhodes James (1862-1936), King's College, Cambridge; BSA 1887/88. Later Provost of Eton 1918-36.
• William Loring (1865-1915), King's College, Cambridge; BSA 1889/90 and subsequent years.
• Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947), King's College, Cambridge; BSA 1892/93.
• Vincent Wodehouse Yorke (1869-1957), King's College, Cambridge; BSA 1892/93, 1893/94.
• Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935), Trinity College, Cambridge; BSA 1892/93 and subsequent years; assistant director, 1899/1900; director 1900/06.
• Arthur Charles Sheepshanks (1884-1961), Trinity College, Cambridge; BSR and BSA 1907/08; assistant master at Eton 1906-38.

Two went up to Oxford:

• Charles Cuthbert Inge (1868-1957), Magdalen College, Oxford; BSA 1891/92.
• John George Piddington (J.G. Smith) (b. 1869), Magdalen College, Oxford; BSA 1891/92; re-admitted 1895/96 as assistant director to Cecil Harcourt Smith.

Marlborough and the BSA

A series of BSA students had been educated at Marlborough, including one director.

Two contemporaries at Marlborough were Hercules Henry West (1856-1937) [1871-75] and Roandeu Albert Henry Bickford-Smith (1859-1916) [1871-74]. West would have been taught by Francis Storr, and both by William Mordaunt Furneaux. Both were admitted to the BSA around the age of 40 [West in 1896/97 and Bickford-Smith in 1899/1900] and long after the completion of their studies at Trinity College, Cambridge.

One of the key influences for the remaining Marlborough students is likely to have been Lewis Edward Upcott, assistant master at Marlborough from 1875-1911 (and replacing Storr). He would have taught Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940) [1881-87], Richard McGillivray Dawkins (1871-1955) [1884-90], John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959) [1887-92], and John Percival Droop (1882-1963). (Of these, only Crowfoot went to Oxford.) Upcott had been educated at Sherborne and had won a classical scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He had an interest in Greek archaeology and wrote An introduction to Greek sculpture (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887).

A further generation of Marlborough students would have been influenced by Alexander Cradock Bolney Brown ("Sweaty B.") who was assistant master at Marlborough (1908-42). He had been educated at Winchester and then New College, Oxford. During his year at the BSA (1905/06) he excavated in Boeotia. His impact on archaeology is unclear as some his earliest pupils would have served in the First World War.

John Pendlebury: The Rash Adventurer

The research of John Pendlebury (1904-41) bridged the gap between Bronze Age Crete and Egypt. He was educated at Winchester, and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Grundon's detailed study gives a view of research at the BSA during the 1920s and 1930s. It covers Pendlebury's key work on Crete and his excavations at Amarna. There is a detailed discussion of Pendlebury's role in the defence of Crete in 1941.

Grundon, I. 2007. The rash adventurer: a life of John Pendlebury. London: Libri. [Amazon] [WorldCat]

BSA Students and the First World War: Harry Pirie-Gordon

Gill, D. W. J. 2006. "Harry Pirie-Gordon: historical research, journalism and intelligence gathering in the eastern Mediterranean (1908-18)." Intelligence and National Security 21: 1045-59.

Abstract
British scholars were active in the Levant during the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Harry Pirie-Gordon toured medieval castles in the region during the spring of 1908 under the auspices of the British School at Athens; T.E. Lawrence used his maps in the following year. Pirie-Gordon continued to travel widely in the Near East as a member of the Foreign Department of The Times and was involved with the survey of the Syrian coastline around Alexandretta. He was commissioned in the RNVR in 1914 and took part in the raid by HMS Doris on Alexandretta. Pirie-Gordon served in an intelligence capacity at Gallipoli before returning to Cairo to work with David Hogarth. In 1916 he was involved with the occupation of Makronisi (Long Island) in the Gulf of Smyrna. Later that year he took charge of the EMSIB operation at Salonica until its purge in early 1917. Pirie-Gordon returned to the Arab Bureau in Cairo and took part in the Palestine campaign.

[On-line]

BSA Deaths in the First World War

Some 115 male students had been admitted to the BSA before the First World War. Although at least four had died by the outbreak of hostilities (or in the early years of the war), it is surprising how few casualties were sustained from the ranks of former students.

Two were killed at Gallipoli. Lieutenant George Leonard Cheesman, a Fellow of New College who had enlisted in August 1914, was serving with the 10th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment. He landed with his unit at Suvla Bay on 7 August 1915 and took up position on the front-line at The Farm. He died in the Turkish surprise attack on Chunuk Bairun, led by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) on the morning of 10 August 1915. More than 1000 British troops died including Brigadier-General A.H. Baldwin. Captain William Loring was serving in the 2nd Scottish Horse. He had earlier served in the Boer War, first as a corporal in the 19th (Lothians and Berwickshire) Company, Imperial Yeomanry, and then as Lieutenant in the Scottish Horse. In the intervening period he had become Warden of Goldsmith's College. Loring's force landed as an infantry unit at Suvla Bay on 2 September 1915, and he died from wounds on a hospital ship; the date is disputed, either 22 (BSA) or 24 (Commonwealth War Graves Commission) October.

All the other BSA casualties were on the Western Front. Captain Kingdon Tregosse Frost, a lecturer at the Queen's University, Belfast, had joined the Officers' Training Corps (OTC) in Belfast. At the outbreak of war he was sent with the 1st Battalion of the Cheshire Regiment to Belgium as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). He was involved in the battle of Mons and was killed on 24 August 1914 (not 25 August as on the War Grave, or 4 September as on the BSA war memorial) near Elouges ‘fighting like a demon, having refused to surrender’. He was buried at Wihéries Communal Cemetery, Hainault. Lieutenant Cyril Bertram Moss-Blundell had been due to hold a school studentship at the BSA in 1914/15. He was commissioned in the 14th (Service) Battalion Durham Light Infantry in January 1915; Maurice S. Thompson, a former student of the BSA, had been commissioned in the same Battalion in August 1914. Moss-Blundell and Thompson arrived in France on 11 September 1915, and their unit took part in the battle of Loos on 26 September; during the fighting Moss-Blundell was killed. (Thompson survived the war.)

Captain Guy Dickins, fellow of St John's College, Oxford, was commissioned in November 1914 in the 13th (Service) Battalion, King’s Royal Rifle Corps; Captain Erwin Wentworth Webster, fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and a former student of the BSA, received his commission for the same unit on the same day. Their unit was in France by July 1915. Dickins was injured at Pozières on 13 July 1916, during the battle of the Somme, and died of wounds in a field hospital on 17 July. He was buried at Amiens. Webster survived the Somme, but was killed on 9 April 1917 leading his company into action on the first day of the battle of Arras (First Battle of the Scarpe).

Roger Meyrick Heath had enrolled as a private in the Royal Fusiliers in September 1915. He was commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant to the 9th, attached 3rd, Somerset Light Infantry, and posted to France in 1916. He was killed in action near Delville Wood on 16 September 1916, his first day in the trenches.

A plaque listing the casualties was erected in the BSA.

Architects and the BSA

Architectural students form a significant group at the BSA. This is a preliminary list.

The first arrangements for an architect to be admitted the BSA were made in November 1887. This was the result of an initiative from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) ‘to assist upon architectural work in excavations’.

The first architectural student was Ravenscroft Elsey Smith (1859-1930), son of Thomas Roger Smith (1830-1903), an architect and professor of architecture at University College London (UCL) from 1880. Smith had studied at the Slade School, UCL (1877-78). In Greece he was attached to the work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund (CEF) assisting with the work at Paphos (1887/88). Smith subsequently went into partnership with his father, before holding the chairs of architecture at King's College, London (1900-13) and UCL (1913-20).

Smith overlapped with two architects working on Byzantine monuments: Robert Weir Schultz (Schultz Weir) (1860-1951) and Sidney Howard Barnsley (1865-1926). Schultz was a gold medallist and travelling student of the Royal Academy of Arts. Barnsley was a student of the Royal Academy. They started their association in the London office of Richard Norman Shaw. Apart from working on the architecture of the Erechtheion, they made a major study of Ayios Loukas in Phocis. They were engaged to work on Byzantine architecture in Salonica and at Mount Athos under the patronage of Dr Edwin Freshfield. Schultz later assisted with the work at Megalopolis.

The BSA recognised the importance of the contributions made by architects and created an architectural studentship. The first holder was Charles Richmond Rowland Clark (b. 1869) (an 'architectural artist') in 1896/97, though he had been in a Greece the preceding year on a studentship from Royal Academy.

Pieter Rodeck (b. 1875) was admitted as a gold medallist and travelling student of the Royal Academy (1896/97). He assisted with the work at the gymnasium at Kynosarges.

Edward Barclay Hoare (1872-1943), the son of Robert Gurney Hoare, a banker, studied at Magdalen College, Oxford (1890-94) and was an architectural student (1897-98). (His brother Charles was a stockbroker.) His architectural work included ecclesiastical projects.

Arthur Edward Henderson (1870-1956) was Owen Jones student of the Royal Institute of British Architects (1897/98) and was admitted to the BSA in 1897/98. He was re-admitted in 1898/99, 1901/02, and 1902/03. He lived in Constantinople until 1904. He assisted Bosanquet with the project at Kyzikos, and Hogarth with his excavations at Ephesus.

Thomas Dinham Atkinson (1864-1948) studied at University College London and had been articled to the architect Sir Arthur Blomfield. After working as an architect in Cambridge, Atkinson was admitted as an architectural student (1898/99). During the year he assisted with the excavations at Phylakopi on Melos. He was later surveyor to the Dean and Chapter of Winchester Cathedral (from 1918) and to the Warden and Fellows of Winchester College (1919-46).

David Theodore Fyfe (1875-1945) trained at the Glasgow School of Art (1885-87, 1890-97). He was admitted as the architectural student at the BSA (1899/1900). He then served as architect to the Cretan Exploration Fund until c. 1905. He returned to work in London, and was then director of the School of Architecture at Cambridge University.

Robert Douglas Wells (1875-1963) studied at Trinity College, Cambridge (1893-96) and was admitted to the BSA on an architectural studentship (1900/01). He worked with Bosanquet at Praesos in eastern Crete (1901).

Charles Heaton Fitzwilliam Comyn (1877-1933) was admitted to the architectural studentship in 1901/02 (and re-admitted 1903/04). As well as working on studies of Byzantine architecture, he excavated in eastern Crete with John H. Marshall (his contemporary at Dulwich College), and with Bosanquet at Palaikastro. He was re-admitted in the spring of 1904 to work on the new Penrose Library and the extension to the hostel.

Edwin Francis Reynolds (1875-1949) was admitted to the BSA in 1902/03 after serving as an architect's assistant in London. He prepared a series of architectural drawings in Greece, Constantinople and Bursa.

James Black Fulton (1876-1922) held a Royal Academy Prize (1899) and was admitted as a Soane Student to the BSA (1902/03) as part of a study tour of Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Palestine and Egypt.

Christian Charles Tyler Doll (b. 1880) was the son of Charles Fitzroy Doll, a London architect. After studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, he took a diploma in architecture at UCL (1903). He was admitted to the BSA 1904/5 and served as architect at Knossos.

Ramsay Traquair (1874-1952), son of Ramsay H. Traquair, keeper of the Natural History collections in Edinburgh, was admitted as an architectural student to the BSA in 1905/06. He was also a student of the Byzantine Fund. He worked on the survey of Laconia and on the architectural project in Constantinople. He was subsequently professor of architecture at McGill University, Montreal.

Frank George Orr (b. 1881) trained at the Glasgow School of Art (1898-1901, 1902-03), and was admitted to the British School at Rome (1904) and the BSA (1905/06).

Walter Sykes George (1881-1962) was a travelling student in architecture from the Royal College of Art, and a Soane Medallist of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was admitted to the BSA in 1906/07, and then in 1908/09, 1909/10 (as a student of the Byzantine Research Fund), and 1912/13. He worked on architectural projects in Constantinople, and assisted with the excavations at Meroe in the Sudan.

W. Harvey was a gold medallist and travelling student of the Royal Academy and was admitted to the British School at Rome and the BSA in 1907/08.

Lionel Bailey Budden (1887-1956) trained at the Liverpool School of Architecture (1905-09), and was admitted to the British School at Rome and the BSA in 1909/10. He returned to Liverpool as associate professor (1910-33) and then Roscoe Professor of Architecture (1933-52).

Harry Herbert Jewell (1882-1974) was admitted to the British School at Rome and the BSA in 1909/10. He worked with F.W. Hasluck on Paros.

George Esslemont Gordon Leith (1886-1965) had worked in South Africa as an architect with Sir Herbert Baker on the Union Buildings before being admitted as the first Herbert Baker Student at the British School at Rome (1911). He subsequently was admitted to the BSA (1912/13).

BSA Students and the Church of England

Several of the BSA students were ordained members of the Church of England. Five Oxford men were ordained after their time in Athens. There is one Cambridge student who was admitted as a student after ordination.

Rupert Charles Clarke (1866-1912) was the son of Frederick Ricketts Clarke, a printer in Taunton, Somerset. His father died when he was young, and his mother Elizabeth continued to run the family printing and bookselling business. Clarke was admitted as a student in the first year of the School (1887) and before he had completed his degree. He was subsequently curate at St Mary's, Reading (1889) and then rector of Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire (and rural dean of Wendover).

George Chatterton Richards (1867-1951) was the son of John Richards, a corn merchant who lived in Churchover, Warwickshire, but was originally from St Keverne in Cornwall. Richards was admitted to the BSA after his studies as Craven University Fellow (1889-90); he was re-admitted the following year. In 1891 he was appointed to the chair of Greek at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff (until 1898). He was ordained deacon in 1895 and served as curate at St John the Baptist, Cardiff, acting as chaplain to the university. In 1897 Richards returned to Athens as assistant director to David Hogarth. He returned to Oxford in 1899 as fellow, chaplain, and tutor at Oriel College. He also served as vicar of St Mary's, Oxford (1923-27) before being appointed to the chair of Greek at the University of Durham (1927).

Charles Cuthbert Inge (1868-1957) was the son of the Rev. William Inge (1829-1903), later provost of Worcester College, Oxford. His brother was William Ralph Inge (1860-1954), later Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. Their father held a High Church position, though William Ralph Inge was modernist in his theology. Charles Cuthbert Inge held the Oxford Studentship in 1891-92, and after ordination was curate of the Eton Mission in Hackney Wick (1894-96). He was subsequently curate of Cranleigh, Surrey (1896-1906), vicar of Holmwood, Surrey (1906-13), vicar of St Giles, Oxford (1913-37) and rural dean of Oxford (1925-37).

Oswald Hutton Parry (1868-1936) was the son of the Rev. Edward St John Parry (who had been born in Antigua), a school master in Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire. He was admitted as a student to the BSA after completing classical moderations (in 1889). After his studies Parry visited the Jacobite Syrian Christians of Northern Mesopotamia (1892) (see his Six months in a Syrian monastery: being the record of a visit to the head quarters of the Syrian church in Mesopotamia, with some account of the Yazidis or devil worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, their sacred book [London: Horace Cox 1895]). He then took theological training in the diocese of Durham and was ordained in 1894, serving his first curacy in St Ignatius, Sunderland (1894-97). He was appointed Archbishop’s Missioner to the Nestorian Christians (1897-1907), recruiting Wigram (see below). He returned to England as vicar of All Hallows, East India Dock (1908-21) when he was consecrated Bishop of Guiana in the West Indies (1921).

John Henry Hopkinson (1876-1957), son of Sir Alfred Hopkinson, principal of Owens College, Manchester, had been admitted to the BSA in 1899-1900, and was Craven University Fellow (1900-01). He then pursued an academic career at the University of Birmingham (1901-04), and then the University of Manchester (1904-14). He married Evelyn Mary Fountaine in 1902; her father was the Rev. Henry Thomas Fountaine, the vicar of Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire. In 1914 Hopkinson was ordained and served a curacy at St Bartholomew, Colne (1914), and was then vicar of Holy Trinity, Colne, Lancashire (1915-20). (This was interrupted by a spell of war service as a private in the Royal Army Medical Corps.) He was briefly rector of Christ Church, Moss Side, Manchester (1920-21) before moving to be vicar of Burneside, Westmoreland (1921-28). He became a residentiary canon of Carlisle Cathedral (1927-31); he 1931 he was appointed Archdeacon of Westmoreland (to 1944) and vicar of Christ Church, Cockermouth (1931-36), and perpetual curate of Winster, near Windermere (1936-44). On retirement he served as an assistant curate to his youngest son in Battersea. (One of his other sons, Sir Henry Thomas Hopkinson, was editor of the Picture Post.)

The Rev. William Ainger Wigram (1872-1953), who had studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, was admitted as a BSA student in his 40s. He had served as a curate at St Barnabas, Sunderland (Diocese of Durham) before being recruited by the Rev. O.H. Parry for the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Mission to the Assyrian Christians (1902). He served in eastern Turkey until 1912 when he was attached to the Anglican chaplaincy in Constantinople. In the following session he was admitted as a student at the BSA. He was subsequently chaplain to the British Legation in Athens (1923-26).

Winchester and the BSA

Former pupils of Winchester made a significant impact on the archaeology of the Mediterranean world in the period prior to the First World War. Three of the first four directors were educated there:

• Penrose, Francis Cranmer (1817–1903), director 1886-87
• Smith, Cecil Harcourt [later Sir Cecil Harcourt-Smith] (1859-1944), director 1895-97
• Hogarth, David George (1862-1927), director 1897-1900

Among the students of the BSA were:

• Herbert Awdry (1851-1909)
  
• John Frederick Randall Stainer (1866-1939), son of Sir John Stainer
• (Sir) John Linton Myres (1869-1954)
  
• Guy Dickins (1881-1916)
• Alexander Craddock Bolney Brown (1882-1942)
• George Leonard Cheesman (1884-1915)
• William Reginald Halliday (Hoffmeister) (1886-1966)
• Cyril Bertram Moss-Blundell (c. 1890-1915)
  

One of the masters at Winchester during this period (1894-1928) was Arthur George Bather (1868-1928). He had been educated at Rossall and King's College, Cambridge. He was admitted as a student to the BSA in 1889/90 (under Ernest Gardner), and held a series of studentships until 1894. Bather had been preceded by another former BSA student, Edward Ernest Sikes (1867-1940) who had been an assistant master in 1890-91.

Rev. Alfred Hamilton Cruikshank (1862-1927), an exact contemporary of Hogarth at Winchester, was an associate student of the BSA. He returned to Winchester (from Harrow) as an assistant master in 1894 (and chaplain from 1896); he left for Durham in 1910.

Other Wykehamist archaeologists of this era included Arthur Hamilton Smith (1860-1941), Keeper at the British Museum and later director of the British School at Rome; Francis John Haverfield (1860–1919), Camden professor of ancient history at Oxford; and Thomas Ashby (1874–1931), director of the British School at Rome.

Droop on Excavating Women

J.P. Droop famously commented in the 'Epilogue' to his Archaeological Excavation (The Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915)

whether in the work of excavation it is a good thing to have co-operation between men and women.

It should be noted that he was drawing on his experience of 'a mixed dig' which he observed was 'an experiment that I would be reluctant to try again'.

Almost certainly the experience was during the Phylakopi excavations in 1906 where one of his colleagues was Dorothy Lamb (no relation of Winifred) who had studied at Newnham College, Cambridge. Lamb (as Dorothy Brooke) later helped to prepare the catalogue of terracottas for the Akropolis Museum ("Terracottas." In Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum II, edited by S. Casson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921).

For further information see:
Gill, D. W. J. 2002. "The passion of hazard": women at the British School at Athens before the First World War. Annual of the British School at Athens 97: 491-510.

Associates of the School

The first associates of the BSA were elected in 1896 during the directorship of Cecil Harcourt Smith. The purpose, according to the BSA's 'Rules and Regulations' (XXII, 1895/6), was for individuals who were 'actively engaged in study or exploration in Greek lands'.

Among them was the Rev. Alfred Hamilton Cruikshank (1862-1927), a younger contemporary of Harcourt Smith at Winchester; both were scholars. (Penrose, the first director, was also a Wykehamist.) Cruikshank subsequently went to New College, Oxford where he obtained a first in classics. After serving as tutor at New College (1889-91) he taught at Harrow (1891-94) before returning to Winchester in 1894 (and was chaplain from 1896). Cruikshank visited the Meteora during 1895/96 and published an account in the newly established Annual (A.H. Cruickshank [sic.], 'Meteora', Annual of the British School at Athens 2, 1895/6, 105-12). In 1910 Cruikshank left Winchester to hold the chair of Greek and Classical Literature at the University of Durham.

Two other scholars were elected Associates at the same time: Professor J.B. Bury of Trinity College, Dublin, and Arthur J. Evans, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. Both were later elected Honorary Students of the School.